Let’s define some vectors which can be used for demonstrations:
manyNumbers <- sample( 1:1000, 20 )
manyNumbers
[1] 500 899 100 409 606 309 608 631 721 41 398 561 754 463 706 277 131 888 533 305
manyNumbersWithNA <- sample( c( NA, NA, NA, manyNumbers ) )
manyNumbersWithNA
[1] 899 721 NA 131 NA 41 888 631 500 533 606 305 398 463 100 561 NA 754 608 277 409 309 706
duplicatedNumbers <- sample( 1:5, 10, replace = TRUE )
duplicatedNumbers
[1] 1 5 1 5 2 4 1 3 1 5
letters
[1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" "l" "m" "n" "o" "p" "q" "r" "s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y" "z"
LETTERS
[1] "A" "B" "C" "D" "E" "F" "G" "H" "I" "J" "K" "L" "M" "N" "O" "P" "Q" "R" "S" "T" "U" "V" "W" "X" "Y" "Z"
mixedLetters <- c( sample( letters, 5 ), sample( LETTERS, 5 ) )
mixedLetters
[1] "t" "s" "h" "z" "n" "O" "F" "U" "D" "Q"
manyNumbersWithNA instead of manyNumbers.all( manyNumbers <= 1000 )
[1] TRUE
all( manyNumbers <= 500 )
[1] FALSE
any( manyNumbers > 1000 )
[1] FALSE
any( manyNumbers > 500 )
[1] TRUE
all( !is.na( manyNumbers ) )
[1] TRUE
any( is.na( manyNumbers ) )
[1] FALSE
Input: logical vector Output: vector of numbers (positions)
which( manyNumbers > 900 )
integer(0)
which( manyNumbersWithNA > 900 )
integer(0)
which( is.na( manyNumbersWithNA ) )
[1] 3 5 17
manyNumbers[ manyNumbers > 900 ] # indexing by logical vector
integer(0)
manyNumbers[ which( manyNumbers > 900 ) ] # indexing by positions
integer(0)
somePositions <- which( manyNumbers > 900 )
manyNumbers[ somePositions ]
integer(0)
"A" %in% LETTERS
[1] TRUE
c( "X", "Y", "Z" ) %in% LETTERS
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
all( c( "X", "Y", "Z" ) %in% LETTERS )
[1] TRUE
all( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS )
[1] FALSE
any( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS )
[1] TRUE
mixedLetters[ mixedLetters %in% LETTERS ]
[1] "O" "F" "U" "D" "Q"
mixedLetters[ !( mixedLetters %in% LETTERS ) ]
[1] "t" "s" "h" "z" "n"
manyNumbers %in% 300:600
[1] TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE FALSE FALSE
[18] FALSE TRUE TRUE
which( manyNumbers %in% 300:600 )
[1] 1 4 6 11 12 14 19 20
sum( manyNumbers %in% 300:600 )
[1] 8
NAsif_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, "large", "small" )
[1] "large" "large" NA "small" NA "small" "large" "large" "large" "large" "large" "small" "small"
[14] "small" "small" "large" NA "large" "large" "small" "small" "small" "large"
if_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, "large", "small", "UNKNOWN" )
[1] "large" "large" "UNKNOWN" "small" "UNKNOWN" "small" "large" "large" "large" "large"
[11] "large" "small" "small" "small" "small" "large" "UNKNOWN" "large" "large" "small"
[21] "small" "small" "large"
# here integer 0L is needed instead of real 0.0
# manyNumbersWithNA contains integer numbers and the method complains
if_else( manyNumbersWithNA >= 500, manyNumbersWithNA, 0L )
[1] 899 721 NA 0 NA 0 888 631 500 533 606 0 0 0 0 561 NA 754 608 0 0 0 706
unique( duplicatedNumbers )
[1] 1 5 2 4 3
unique( c( NA, duplicatedNumbers, NA ) )
[1] NA 1 5 2 4 3
duplicated( duplicatedNumbers )
[1] FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE TRUE
which.max( manyNumbersWithNA )
[1] 1
manyNumbersWithNA[ which.max( manyNumbersWithNA ) ]
[1] 899
which.min( manyNumbersWithNA )
[1] 6
manyNumbersWithNA[ which.min( manyNumbersWithNA ) ]
[1] 41
range( manyNumbersWithNA, na.rm = TRUE )
[1] 41 899
manyNumbersWithNA
[1] 899 721 NA 131 NA 41 888 631 500 533 606 305 398 463 100 561 NA 754 608 277 409 309 706
sort( manyNumbersWithNA )
[1] 41 100 131 277 305 309 398 409 463 500 533 561 606 608 631 706 721 754 888 899
sort( manyNumbersWithNA, na.last = TRUE )
[1] 41 100 131 277 305 309 398 409 463 500 533 561 606 608 631 706 721 754 888 899 NA NA NA
sort( manyNumbersWithNA, na.last = TRUE, decreasing = TRUE )
[1] 899 888 754 721 706 631 608 606 561 533 500 463 409 398 309 305 277 131 100 41 NA NA NA
manyNumbersWithNA[1:5]
[1] 899 721 NA 131 NA
order( manyNumbersWithNA[1:5] )
[1] 4 2 1 3 5
rank( manyNumbersWithNA[1:5] )
[1] 3 2 4 1 5
sort( mixedLetters )
[1] "D" "F" "h" "n" "O" "Q" "s" "t" "U" "z"
manyDuplicates <- sample( 10:15, 10, replace = TRUE )
rank( manyDuplicates )
[1] 8.0 1.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 8.0 1.5 8.0 4.5 10.0
rank( manyDuplicates, ties.method = "min" )
[1] 7 1 3 3 3 7 1 7 3 10
rank( manyDuplicates, ties.method = "random" )
[1] 9 2 5 4 6 8 1 7 3 10
v <- c( -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1, rnorm( 10 ) )
v
[1] -1.00000000 -0.50000000 0.00000000 0.50000000 1.00000000 1.75914738 -0.14215858 -0.49714693
[9] 1.17914620 -0.45587778 -1.86398126 -2.34252198 0.72980966 0.07787878 -2.02964882
round( v, 0 )
[1] -1 0 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 -2 -2 1 0 -2
round( v, 1 )
[1] -1.0 -0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.8 -0.1 -0.5 1.2 -0.5 -1.9 -2.3 0.7 0.1 -2.0
round( v, 2 )
[1] -1.00 -0.50 0.00 0.50 1.00 1.76 -0.14 -0.50 1.18 -0.46 -1.86 -2.34 0.73 0.08 -2.03
floor( v )
[1] -1 -1 0 0 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 -2 -3 0 0 -3
ceiling( v )
[1] -1 0 0 1 1 2 0 0 2 0 -1 -2 1 1 -2
heights <- c( Amy = 166, Eve = 170, Bob = 177 )
heights
Amy Eve Bob
166 170 177
names( heights )
[1] "Amy" "Eve" "Bob"
names( heights ) <- c( "AMY", "EVE", "BOB" )
heights
AMY EVE BOB
166 170 177
heights[[ "EVE" ]]
[1] 170
expand_grid( x = c( 1:3, NA ), y = c( "a", "b" ) )
# A tibble: 8 x 2
x y
<int> <chr>
1 1 a
2 1 b
3 2 a
4 2 b
5 3 a
6 3 b
7 NA a
8 NA b
combn( c( "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ), m = 2, simplify = TRUE )
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
[1,] "a" "a" "a" "a" "b" "b" "b" "c" "c" "d"
[2,] "b" "c" "d" "e" "c" "d" "e" "d" "e" "e"
combn( c( "a", "b", "c", "d", "e" ), m = 3, simplify = TRUE )
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8] [,9] [,10]
[1,] "a" "a" "a" "a" "a" "a" "b" "b" "b" "c"
[2,] "b" "b" "b" "c" "c" "d" "c" "c" "d" "d"
[3,] "c" "d" "e" "d" "e" "e" "d" "e" "e" "e"
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